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Bernoulli numbers and polynomials

Table of contents: Tables - Generating functions - Sum representations - Representations by special functions - Specific values - Functional equations - Derivatives and integrals - Summation - Denominators - Bounds and inequalities

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Symbol: BernoulliB — BnB_{n} — Bernoulli number
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Symbol: BernoulliPolynomial — Bn ⁣(z)B_{n}\!\left(z\right) — Bernoulli polynomial

Tables

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Table of BnB_{n} for 0≤n≤500 \le n \le 50
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Table of Bn ⁣(x)B_{n}\!\left(x\right) for 0≤n≤100 \le n \le 10

Generating functions

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zez−1=∑n=0∞Bnznn!\frac{z}{{e}^{z} - 1} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} B_{n} \frac{{z}^{n}}{n !}
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zexzez−1=∑n=0∞Bn ⁣(x)znn!\frac{z {e}^{x z}}{{e}^{z} - 1} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} B_{n}\!\left(x\right) \frac{{z}^{n}}{n !}

Sum representations

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Bn ⁣(x)=∑k=0n(nk)Bn−kxkB_{n}\!\left(x\right) = \sum_{k=0}^{n} {n \choose k} B_{n - k} {x}^{k}

Representations by special functions

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B2n=(−1)n+12(2n)!ζ ⁣(2n)(2π)2nB_{2 n} = {\left(-1\right)}^{n + 1} \frac{2 \left(2 n\right)! \zeta\!\left(2 n\right)}{{\left(2 \pi\right)}^{2 n}}

Specific values

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B2n+3=0B_{2 n + 3} = 0
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(−1)n+1B2n+2>0{\left(-1\right)}^{n + 1} B_{2 n + 2} \gt 0
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Bn ⁣(0)=BnB_{n}\!\left(0\right) = B_{n}
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Bn ⁣(1)=(−1)nBnB_{n}\!\left(1\right) = {\left(-1\right)}^{n} B_{n}
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Bn ⁣(12)=(21−n−1)BnB_{n}\!\left(\frac{1}{2}\right) = \left({2}^{1 - n} - 1\right) B_{n}

Functional equations

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Bn ⁣(x+1)=Bn ⁣(z)+nxn−1B_{n}\!\left(x + 1\right) = B_{n}\!\left(z\right) + n {x}^{n - 1}
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Bn ⁣(1−x)=(−1)nBn ⁣(x)B_{n}\!\left(1 - x\right) = {\left(-1\right)}^{n} B_{n}\!\left(x\right)
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Bn ⁣(−x)=(−1)n(Bn ⁣(x)+nxn−1)B_{n}\!\left(-x\right) = {\left(-1\right)}^{n} \left(B_{n}\!\left(x\right) + n {x}^{n - 1}\right)

Derivatives and integrals

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∫abBn ⁣(t) dt=Bn+1 ⁣(b)−Bn+1 ⁣(a)n+1\int_{a}^{b} B_{n}\!\left(t\right) \, dt = \frac{B_{n + 1}\!\left(b\right) - B_{n + 1}\!\left(a\right)}{n + 1}
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∫zz+1Bn ⁣(t) dt=zn\int_{z}^{z + 1} B_{n}\!\left(t\right) \, dt = {z}^{n}
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ddx Bn ⁣(x)=nBn−1 ⁣(x)\frac{d}{d x}\, B_{n}\!\left(x\right) = n B_{n - 1}\!\left(x\right)

Summation

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∑k=1mkn=Bn+1 ⁣(m+1)−Bm+1m+1\sum_{k=1}^{m} {k}^{n} = \frac{B_{n + 1}\!\left(m + 1\right) - B_{m + 1}}{m + 1}

Denominators

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(B2n+∑p∈P, (p−1)∣2n1p)∈Z\left(B_{2 n} + \sum_{p \in \mathbb{P},\,\left(p - 1\right) \mid 2 n} \frac{1}{p}\right) \in \mathbb{Z}
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(B2n∏p∈P, (p−1)∣2n1p)∈Z\left(B_{2 n} \prod_{p \in \mathbb{P},\,\left(p - 1\right) \mid 2 n} \frac{1}{p}\right) \in \mathbb{Z}

Bounds and inequalities

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∣B2n∣<(1+1n)2(2n)!(2π)2n\left|B_{2 n}\right| \lt \left(1 + \frac{1}{n}\right) \frac{2 \left(2 n\right)!}{{\left(2 \pi\right)}^{2 n}}
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∣B2n∣<(1+1n)4πn(nπe)2n\left|B_{2 n}\right| \lt \left(1 + \frac{1}{n}\right) 4 \sqrt{\pi n} {\left(\frac{n}{\pi e}\right)}^{2 n}
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∣B2n∣>2(2n)!(2π)2n\left|B_{2 n}\right| \gt \frac{2 \left(2 n\right)!}{{\left(2 \pi\right)}^{2 n}}
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∣B2n∣>4πn(nπe)2n\left|B_{2 n}\right| \gt 4 \sqrt{\pi n} {\left(\frac{n}{\pi e}\right)}^{2 n}
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∣B2n ⁣(x)∣≤∣B2n∣\left|B_{2 n}\!\left(x\right)\right| \le \left|B_{2 n}\right|
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∣B2n ⁣(x)∣<∣B2n∣\left|B_{2 n}\!\left(x\right)\right| \lt \left|B_{2 n}\right|

Copyright (C) Fredrik Johansson and contributors. Fungrim is provided under the MIT license. The source code is on GitHub.

2019-06-18 07:49:59.356594 UTC